Mali: Profile
All you need to know about Mali is here
The North Africa Journal
Introducing Mali
Mali, officially the Republic of Mali, is a in . It is the , with an area of over 1,240,192 square kilometres (478,841 sq mi). The country is bordered to the north by , to the east by , to the northwest by , to the south by and , and to the west by and . The population of Mali is about 23,290,000 47.19% of which are estimated to be under the age of 15 in 2024. Its and largest city is . The country has 13 official languages, of which is the most commonly spoken.
The 's northern borders reach deep into the middle of the . The country's southern part, where the majority of inhabitants live, is in the and has the and rivers running through it. The country's economy centres on agriculture and mining with its most prominent natural resources including (of which it is the third largest producer in Africa) and .
Mali was part of three successive powerful and wealthy West that controlled : the (for which is named), the (for which Mali is named), and the . At its peak in 1300, the Mali Empire was the wealthiest country in Africa with its 14th-century emperor believed to be one of the wealthiest individuals in history. Besides being a hub of trade and mining, medieval Mali was a centre of , culture and knowledge, with becoming a renowned place of learning with its , one of the oldest in the world and still active. The expanding absorbed the empire in 1468,[] followed by a army . In the late 19th century, during the , France seized control of Mali, making it a part of ; as the Sudanese Republic, was formed, achieving independence in 1960. After Senegal's withdrawal, the Republic of Mali was established. After a long period of one-party rule, a coup in 1991 led to a new constitution and the establishment of Mali as a democratic, multi-party state.
In January 2012, an , in which took control of a territory in the north, and in April declared the of a new state, . The conflict was complicated by in March 2012 and later fighting between Tuareg and other rebel factions. In response to territorial gains, the French military launched in January 2013. A month later, Malian and French forces recaptured most of the north, although the conflict continued. were held on 28 July 2013, with a second-round run-off held on 11 August, and were held on 24 November and 15 December 2013. In the early 2020s, Mali experienced two military takeovers by .
Etymology
[]The name Mali is taken from the name of the . It means "the place where the king lives" and carries a connotation of strength.
Fourteenth-century Maghrebi traveller reported that the capital of the empire was called Mali. One tradition tells that the legendary first emperor changed himself into a hippopotamus upon his death in the and that it was possible to find villages in the area of this river called "old Mali". A study of Malian proverbs noted that in old Mali, there is a village called Malikoma, which means "New Mali", and that Mali could have formerly been the name of a city.
Another theory suggests that Mali is a pronunciation of the name of the . It is suggested that a sound shift led to the change, whereby in Fulani the alveolar segment /nd/ shifts to /l/ and the terminal vowel denasalizes and raises, leading "Manden" to shift to /mali/.
History
[]Before colonization
[]The rock art in the suggests that northern Mali has been inhabited since 10,000 BC, when the Sahara was fertile and rich in wildlife. Early ceramics have been discovered at the central Malian site of Ounjougou dating to about 9,400 BC, and are believed to represent an instance of the independent invention of pottery in the region. Farming took place by 5000 BC and iron was used by around 500 BC. In the first millennium BC, early cities and towns were created by Mande peoples related to the , along the middle Niger River in central Mali, including which began from around 900 BC, and reached its peak around 600 BC, and , which lasted from around 300 BC to 900 AD. By the sixth century AD, the lucrative trans-Saharan trade in gold, salt and slaves had begun, facilitating the rise of West Africa's great empires.
There are a few references to Mali in early Islamic literature. Among these are references to "Pene" and "Malal" in the work of in 1068, the story of the conversion of an early ruler, known to (by 1397) as Barmandana, and a few geographical details in the work of .
Mali was once part of three famed West African empires which controlled in gold, salt, other precious commodities, and majorly during the reign of from c. 1312 – c. 1337. These had neither rigid geopolitical boundaries nor rigid ethnic identities. The earliest of these empires was the , which was dominated by the , a -speaking people. The empire expanded throughout West Africa from the eighth century until 1078, when it was conquered by the .
The in 1235, culminated in a victory for the under the command of the exiled prince , which led to the downfall of the .
The later formed on the upper , and reached the height of power in the 14th century. Under the Mali Empire, the ancient cities of and were centers of both trade and Islamic learning. The empire later declined as a result of internal intrigue, ultimately being supplanted by the . The Songhai had long been a major power in West Africa subject to the Mali Empire's rule.
In the late 14th century, the Songhai gradually gained independence from the Mali Empire and expanded, ultimately subsuming the entire eastern portion of the Mali Empire. The Songhai Empire's eventual collapse was largely the result of the of 1591 under the command of . The fall of the Songhai Empire marked the end of the region's role as a trading crossroads. Following the , the trans-Saharan trade routes lost significance. At that time, the Mali Empire's abundance in wealth expanded its commercial assets of and .
One of the worst in the region's recorded history occurred in the 18th century. According to , "The worst crises were in the 1680s, when famine extended from the Senegambian coast to the Upper Nile and 'many sold themselves for slaves, only to get a sustenance', and especially in 1738–1756, when West Africa's greatest recorded subsistence crisis, due to drought and locusts, reportedly killed half the population of ."
French colonial rule
[]Mali fell under the control of France during the in the late 19th century. By 1905, most of the area was under firm French control as a part of .
In November 1915, a large broke out among the tribes in the regions of present-day Mali and Burkina Faso. The last resistance was suppressed only in September 1916. During the suppression of the uprising, over 100 villages were destroyed by French colonial troops.
On 24 November 1958, French Sudan (which changed its name to the Sudanese Republic) became an autonomous republic within the . In January 1959, Mali and united to become the .
Independence
[]The Mali Federation gained independence from France on 20 June 1960. Senegal withdrew from the federation in August 1960, which allowed the Sudanese Republic to become the independent Republic of Mali on 22 September 1960, and that date is now the country's .
was elected the first president. He quickly established a one-party state, adopted an independent African and socialist orientation with close ties to the East, and implemented extensive nationalization of economic resources. In 1960, the population of Mali was reported to be about 4.1 million. On 19 November 1968, following progressive economic decline, the Keïta regime was overthrown in a bloodless military coup led by , a day which is now commemorated as .
Moussa Traoré regime
[]The subsequent military-led regime, with Traoré as president, attempted to reform the economy. His efforts were frustrated by political turmoil and a devastating from 1968 to 1974, in which famine killed thousands of people. The Traoré regime faced student unrest beginning in the late 1970s and three coup attempts. The Traoré regime repressed all dissenters until the late 1980s.
Opposition to the corrupt and dictatorial regime of General Moussa Traoré grew during the 1980s. During this time strict programs, imposed to satisfy demands of the International Monetary Fund, brought increased hardship upon the country's population, while elites close to the government supposedly lived in growing wealth. The government continued to attempt economic reforms, and the populace became increasingly dissatisfied. In response to growing demands for multi-party democracy, the Traoré regime allowed some limited political liberalization in the late 1980s, but refused to usher in a full-fledged democratic system.
In 1990, cohesive opposition movements began to emerge, and was complicated by the turbulent rise of ethnic violence in the north following the return of many who had migrated to and during the drought. Peaceful student protests in January 1991 were brutally suppressed, with mass arrests and torture of leaders and participants. Scattered acts of rioting and vandalism of public buildings followed, but most actions by the dissidents remained nonviolent.
From 22 March through 26 March 1991, mass pro-democracy rallies and a nationwide strike was held in both urban and rural communities, which became known as les évenements ("the events") or the March Revolution. In Bamako, in response to mass demonstrations organized by university students and later joined by trade unionists and others, soldiers opened fire indiscriminately on the nonviolent demonstrators. Riots broke out briefly following the shootings. Barricades as well as roadblocks were erected and Traoré declared a state of emergency and imposed a nightly curfew. Despite an estimated loss of 300 lives over the course of four days, nonviolent protesters continued to return to Bamako each day demanding the resignation of the dictatorial president and the implementation of democratic policies.
26 March 1991 is the day that marks the clash between military soldiers and peaceful demonstrating students which climaxed in the massacre of dozens under the orders of Traoré. He and three associates were later tried and convicted and received the death sentence for their part in the decision-making of that day. Nowadays, the day is a national holiday in order to remember the tragic events and the people who were killed. The coup is remembered as Mali's .
By 26 March, the growing refusal of soldiers to fire into the largely nonviolent protesting crowds turned into a full-scale tumult, and resulted in thousands of soldiers putting down their arms and joining the pro-democracy movement. That afternoon, Lieutenant Colonel announced on the radio that he had arrested the dictatorial president, Moussa Traoré.
Multi-party democracy
[]Opposition parties were legalized, a transitional government was formed and a national congress of civil and political groups met to draft a to be approved by a national referendum. In 1992, won Mali's first democratic, multi-party presidential election, before being re-elected for a second term in 1997, which was the last allowed under the constitution. , a retired general who had been the leader of the military aspect of the 1991 democratic uprising, was elected in 2002. During this democratic period Mali was regarded as one of the most politically and socially stable countries in Africa.
persists in Mali today with as many as 200,000 people held in direct servitude to a master. In the , ex-slaves were a vulnerable population with reports of some slaves being recaptured by their former masters.
Northern Mali conflict
[]In January 2012 began in northern Mali, led by the (MNLA). In March, military officer seized power in , citing Touré's failures in quelling the rebellion, and leading to sanctions and an embargo by the . The MNLA quickly took control of the north, declaring its independence as . However, Islamist groups, including and , who had helped the MNLA defeat the government, turned on the Tuareg and took control of the north with the goal of implementing in Mali.
On 11 January 2013, the at the request of the interim government of president . On 30 January, the coordinated advance of the French and Malian troops claimed to have retaken the last remaining Islamist stronghold of Kidal, which was also the last of three northern provincial capitals. On 2 February, French president joined Dioncounda Traoré in a public appearance in recently recaptured Timbuktu.
In August 2013, was elected as the new in the second round of .
Conflict in Central Mali
[]In the central Mali province of , conflict has escalated since 2015 between agricultural communities like the and the , and the . Historically, the two sides have fought over access to land and water, factors which have been exacerbated by as the Fula move into new areas. The Dogon and the Bambara communities have formed "self-defense groups" to fight the Fula. They accuse the Fula of working with armed linked to . While some Fula have joined Islamist groups, reports that the links have been "exaggerated and instrumentalized by different actors for opportunistic ends".
Added a top Mali military commander:
I’ve discussed the growing violence with my commanders and with village chiefs from all sides. Yes, sure, there are jihadists in this zone, but the real problem is banditry, animal theft, score settling – people are enriching themselves using the fight against terrorists as a cover.
The conflict has seen the creation and growth of Dogon and Bambara militias. The government of Mali is suspected of supporting some of these groups under the guise of being proxies in the war against Islamists in the . The government denies this. One such militia is the Dogon group , created in 2016.
In the held on 29 July 2018, no candidate received more than 50% of the vote in the first round. A runoff was held on 12 August 2018 between the top two candidates, incumbent president of the and of the , and Keïta was re-elected with 67% of the vote.
In September 2018, the negotiated a unilateral ceasefire with Dan Na Ambassagou "in the context of the conflict which opposes the group to other community armed groups in central Mali". However, the group has been blamed for the . The group denied the attack, but afterwards Malian president Keita ordered the group to disband. The UN Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide, , warned of a growing of the conflict. By 2020, more than 600,000 people had been by the conflict in Mali. The United Nations reported that the number of children killed in the conflict in the first six months of 2019 was twice as many for the entire year of 2018. Many of the children have been killed in intercommunal attacks attributed to ethnic militias, with the majority of attacks occurring around . It is reported that around 900 schools have closed down and that armed militias are recruiting children.
During the first week of October 2019, two jihadist attacks in the towns of Boulikessi and killed more than 25 Mali soldiers near the border with . President Keïta declared that "no military coup will prevail in Mali", continuing by saying that he does not think it "is on the agenda at all and cannot worry us". On 1 November 2019, the militants killed at least 50 soldiers in the in the of Mali. In February 2020, Human Rights Watch documented atrocities against civilians in Central Mali and said that at least 456 civilians were killed, while hundreds were injured from January 2019 until November.
2020s coups and Assimi Goïta junta
[]Popular unrest began on 5 June 2020 following irregularities in the March and April parliamentary elections, including outrage against the kidnapping of opposition leader . Between 11 and 23 deaths followed protests that took place from 10 to 13 June. In July, President Keïta dissolved the constitutional court.
Members of the military led by Colonel and Colonel-Major in , , began a mutiny on 18 August 2020. President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta and Prime Minister were arrested, and shortly after midnight Keïta announced his resignation, saying he did not want to see any bloodshed. Wagué announced the formation of the (CNSP) and promised elections in the future. A curfew was begun and the streets of Bamako were quiet. The (ECOWAS) condemned the coup and demanded that Keïta be reinstated as president.
On 12 September 2020, the CNSP agreed to an 18-month political transition to civilian rule. Shortly after, was named interim president by a group of 17 electors, with Goïta being appointed vice president. The government was inaugurated on 25 September 2020. On 18 January 2021, the transitional government announced that the CNSP had been disbanded, almost four months after had been promised under the initial agreement.
Tensions between the civilian transitional government and the military ran high after the handover of power in September 2020. The tensions came to a head on 24 May 2021 after a cabinet reshuffle, where two leaders of the 2020 military coup – and – were replaced by N'daw's administration. Later that day, journalists reported that three key civilian leaders – President N'daw, Prime Minister and Defence Minister , were being detained in a military base in , outside Bamako. On 7 June 2021, Mali's military commander Assimi Goïta was sworn into office as the new interim president.
In 2022 and 2023, the saw major gains in the , occupying large swathes of territory in southeastern Mali. and were also captured by the group. By mid-2023, the militant group had doubled the amount of territory it controlled since the overthrow of the previous government and establishment of the junta.
On 10 January 2022, Mali announced the closure of its borders and recalled several ambassadors to ECOWAS countries in response to sanctions placed on Mali for deferring elections for four years. On 4 February, France's ambassador was expelled. According to , Malian troops and suspected Russian mercenaries from the executed around 300 civilian men in central Mali in March 2022. France had started withdrawing French troops from Mali in February 2022, commencing the end of . On 2 May, the military government announced breaking its defence accords concluded in 2013 with France, constituting an additional step in the deterioration of Malian–French relations. This latest announcement has been criticized by French authorities and considered as "illegitimate". A UN panel reported that in the first three months of 2022, 543 civilians were killed and 269 wounded, warning the 2015 peace agreement between the government and pro-independence groups was threatened by a potential risk of confrontation for the first time in five years. The report also noted a sharp increase in the number of people needing humanitarian assistance over the previous year.
, the Russian foreign minister, visited Bamako on 7 February 2023 and said that Moscow would continue to help Mali improve its military capabilities.
In June 2023, Mali removed French, the language of its former colonizer, as an official language with the approval of a new constitution by 97% of voters in conducted by the junta.
On 7 September 2023, al-Qaeda linked militants a vessel on the , killing at least 154 civilians.
In July 2024, rebels and JNIM militants killed dozens of Russian mercenaries and Malian government forces during the . On 5 August 2024 the Republic of Mali announced that it was severing diplomatic relations with .
On 17 September 2024, al-Qaeda linked JNIM militants across , killing at least 77 people and injuring 255 others.
Geography
[]Mali is a landlocked country in West Africa, located southwest of . It lies between latitudes and , and longitudes and . Mali borders Algeria to , to , to , to , to , and to and to .
At 1,240,192 square kilometres (478,841 sq mi), Mali is the in the world and the . It is comparable in size to South Africa or . Most of the country lies in the southern , which produces an extremely hot, dust-laden zone. Mali is mostly flat, rising to rolling northern plains covered by . The massif lies in the northeast.
Mali lies in the and is among the hottest countries in the world. The , which matches the hottest spots year-round on the planet based on the mean daily annual temperature, crosses the country. Most of Mali receives negligible rainfall and droughts are very frequent. Late April to early October is the rainy season in the southernmost area. During this time, flooding of the Niger River is common, creating the . The vast northern desert part of Mali has a ( BWh) with long, extremely hot summers and scarce rainfall which decreases northwards. The central area has a (Köppen climate classification BSh) with very high temperatures year-round, a long, intense dry season and a brief, irregular rainy season. The southern areas have a . (Köppen climate classification Aw) In review, Mali's climate is tropical, with March to May being the hot, dry season. June to October is rainy, humid and mild. November to February is the cool, dry season.
Mali has considerable natural resources, with gold, uranium, , , salt and being most widely exploited. Mali is estimated to have in excess of 17,400 tonnes of uranium (measured + indicated + inferred). In 2012, a further uranium mineralized north zone was identified. Mali faces numerous environmental challenges, including , , , and inadequate of .
Biodiversity
[]Five terrestrial ecoregions lie within Mali's borders: , , , , and . The country had a 2019 mean score of 7.16/10, ranking it 51st globally out of 172 countries.
Politics and government
[]Government
[]Until the military coup of 22 March 2012, Mali was a governed by the Constitution of 12 January 1992, which was amended in 1999. The constitution provides for a separation of powers among the executive, , and branches of government. The system of government can be described as "". Executive power is vested in a president, who is elected to a five-year term by and is limited to two terms.
The president serves as a and of the armed forces. A prime minister appointed by the president serves as head of government and in turn appoints the Council of Ministers. The unicameral is Mali's sole legislative body, consisting of deputies elected to five-year terms. Following the 2007 elections, the held 113 of 160 seats in the assembly. The assembly holds two regular sessions each year, during which it debates and votes on legislation that has been submitted by a member or by the government.
Mali's constitution provides for an independent judiciary, but the executive continues to exercise influence over the judiciary by virtue of power to appoint judges and oversee both judicial functions and law enforcement. Mali's highest courts are the Supreme Court, which has both judicial and administrative powers, and a separate Constitutional Court that provides judicial review of legislative acts and serves as an election arbiter. Various lower courts exist, though village chiefs and elders resolve most local disputes in rural areas.
The transition government pushed back the timetable for a new election, initially to be held in February 2022, to February 2024. In exchange for the government's commitment to a 2024 election, agreed to lift sanctions on the country.
Foreign relations
[]Until 2012, Mali's foreign policy orientation had become increasingly pragmatic and pro-Western over time. Since the institution of a democratic form of government in 2002, Mali's relations with the West in general and in particular have improved significantly. Mali has a longstanding yet ambivalent relationship with France, a . Mali was active in regional organizations such as the until its suspension over the .
Working to control and resolve regional conflicts, such as in , , and , is one of Mali's major foreign policy goals. Mali feels threatened by the potential for the spillover of conflicts in neighboring states, and relations with those neighbors are often uneasy. General insecurity along borders in the north, including cross-border and terrorism, remain troubling issues in regional relations.
In early 2019, claimed responsibility for an attack on a base in Mali that killed 10 peacekeepers from . 25 people were reported to have been injured in the attack. Al Qaeda's stated reason for the attack was Chad's re-establishing diplomatic ties with Israel. The base was attacked in , a village located in an especially unstable region of the country.
Military
[]consist of an army, which includes land forces and air force, as well as the paramilitary Gendarmerie and Republican Guard, all of which are under the control of Mali's Ministry of Defense and Veterans, .
Regions and cercles
[]
Since 2016, Mali has been divided into ten regions and the District of Bamako. Each region has a governor. The implementation of the two newest regions, Taoudénit (formerly part of Tombouctou Region) and Ménaka (formerly in Gao Region), has been ongoing since January 2016; a governor and transitional council has been appointed for both regions.
Since 2023, Mali has added nine new regions to its administrative structure, bringing the total to 19 regions plus the district of Bamako. This reorganization aims to improve governance and bring public services closer to local populations. This initiative continues the decentralization efforts that began with the creation of the Taoudénit and Ménaka regions in 2016. The nineteen regions in turn are subdivided into 159 and .
The and Capital District are:
No | Region name | Area (km2) | Population Census 2023 |
---|---|---|---|
00 | 252 | 4,227,569 | |
01 | 62,914 | 1,840,329 | |
02 | 71,178 | 2,255,157 | |
03 | 21,378 | 1,533,123 | |
04 | 31,996 | 2,455,263 | |
05 | 49,077 | 935,579 | |
06 | 180,781 | 974,278 | |
07 | 89,532 | 727,517 | |
08 | 151,430 | 83,192 | |
09 | 323,326 | 100,358 | |
10 | 81,040 | 318,876 | |
11 | Bougouni | 41,052 | 1,570,979 |
12 | Dioila | 12,984 | 675,965 |
13 | Nioro | 24,179 | 678,061 |
14 | Koutiala | 14,739 | 1,169,882 |
15 | Kita | 44,175 | 681,671 |
16 | Nara | 26,213 | 307,777 |
17 | Bandiagara | 25,709 | 868,916 |
18 | San | 15,516 | 820,807 |
19 | Douentza | 63,515 | 170,189 |
Total | 1,240,192 | 22,395,489 |
Economy
[]The handles the financial affairs of Mali and additional members of the . Mali is considered one of the poorest countries in the world. The average worker's annual salary is approximately US$1,500.
Mali underwent economic reform, beginning in 1988 by signing agreements with the and the . During 1988 to 1996, Mali's government largely reformed public enterprises. Since the agreement, sixteen enterprises were privatized, 12 partially privatized, and 20 liquidated. In 2005, the Malian government conceded a railroad company to the Savage Corporation. Two major companies, Societé de Telecommunications du Mali () and the Cotton Ginning Company (), were expected to be privatized in 2008.
Between 1992 and 1995, Mali implemented an economic adjustment programme that resulted in economic growth and a reduction in financial imbalances[]. The programme increased social and economic conditions[], and led to Mali joining the on 31 May 1995.
Mali is also a member of the (). The gross domestic product (GDP) has risen since. In 2002, the GDP amounted to US$3.4 billion, and increased to US$5.8 billion in 2005, which amounts to an approximately 17.6% annual growth rate.
Mali is a part of the "Franc Zone" (Zone Franc), which means that it uses the . Mali is connected with the French government by agreement since 1962 (creation of ). Today all seven countries of BCEAO (including Mali) are connected to French Central Bank.
Before the August 2020 coup, U.S. foreign assistance to Mali exceeded $135 million in FY 2020, aiming to bolster fragile peace, democratic governance and regional security, while addressing social and economic vulnerabilities. Post-coup, assistance is restricted under U.S. law, but ongoing programs focus on stability, public trust in government, community resilience and socio-economic prosperity.
Mali was ranked 136th out of 139 in the in 2024.
Agriculture
[]Mali's key industry is agriculture. Cotton is the country's largest crop export and is exported west throughout Senegal and Ivory Coast. During 2002, 620,000 tons of cotton were produced in Mali but cotton prices declined significantly in 2003. In addition to cotton, Mali produces rice, , , vegetables, tobacco, and tree crops. Gold, livestock, and agriculture amount to 80% of Mali's exports.
Eighty percent of Malian workers are employed in agriculture. 15% of Malian workers are employed in the service sector. Seasonal variations lead to regular of agricultural workers.
Mining
[]In 1991, with the assistance of the , Mali relaxed the enforcement of mining codes which led to renewed foreign interest and investment in the mining industry. Gold is mined in the southern region and Mali has the third highest gold production in Africa (after South Africa and ). In 2015, the country has produced 41 metric tonnes of gold.
The emergence of gold as Mali's leading export product since 1999 has helped mitigate some of the negative impact of the cotton and Ivory Coast crises. Other natural resources include , salt, , and .
Energy
[]Electricity and water are maintained by the Energie du Mali, or EDM, and textiles are generated by Industry Textile du Mali, or ITEMA. Mali has made efficient use of , consisting of over half of Mali's electrical power. In 2002, 700 of hydroelectric power were produced in Mali.
Energie du Mali is an electric company that provides electricity to Mali citizens. Only 55 percent of the population in cities have access to EDM.
Transport infrastructure
[]In Mali, there is a railway that connects to bordering countries. There are also approximately 29 airports, of which 8 have paved runways. Urban areas are known for their large quantity of green and white . A significant sum of the population is dependent on .
Demographics
[]Year | Million |
---|---|
1950 | 4.7 |
2000 | 11 |
2021 | 21.9 |
In 2021, Mali's population was an estimated 21.9 million. Mali's population grew from 7.7 million in 1982 to 19.9 million in 2018. The population is predominantly rural (68% in 2002), and 5%–10% of Malians are . More than 90% of the population lives in the southern part of the country, especially in , which has over 2 million residents.
In 2024, about 47% of Malians were 14 years old or younger, 50% were 15–64 years old, and 3% were 65 and older. The median age was 16.4 years. The in 2024 was 40 births per 1,000, and the in 2024 was 5.35 children per woman. The in 2024 was 8.1 deaths per 1,000. at birth was 63.2 years total (60.9 for males and 65.6 for females). Mali has one of the of , with 57.4 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2024.
Largest cities in Mali
[]Largest cities or towns in Mali
According to the 2009 Census | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | Pop. | ||||||||
1 | 1,810,366 | ||||||||
2 | 226,618 | ||||||||
3 | 141,444 | ||||||||
4 | 133,501 | ||||||||
5 | 126,319 | ||||||||
6 | 120,786 | ||||||||
7 | 96,173 | ||||||||
8 | 86,353 | ||||||||
9 | 84,500 | ||||||||
10 | 66,967 |
Ethnic groups
[]Mali's population encompasses a number of ethnic groups. The are by far the largest single ethnic group, making up a third of the population. The largest ethnic groups are Bambara (33.3%), Fulani (Peuhl) (13.3%), Sarakole/Soninke/Marka (9.8%), Senufo/Manianka (9.6%), Malinke (8.8%), Dogon (8.7%), Sonrai (5.9%), Bobo (2.1%), Tuareg/Bella (1.7%), other Malian (6%), from members of Economic Community of West Africa (0.4%), other (0.3%) (2018 est.). In Mali and in , the Moors are also known as , named after the region of the . They speak mainly , one of the regional .
In the far north, there is a division between -descended nomad populations and the darker-skinned Bella or people, due to the historical spread of in the region. An estimated 800,000 people in Mali are descended from slaves. has persisted in Mali for centuries. The Arabic population kept slaves well into the 20th century, until slavery was suppressed by around the mid-20th century. There still persist certain hereditary servitude relationships, and according to some estimates, even today approximately 200,000 Malians are still enslaved.
Some mixed European/African descendants of Muslims of , as well as French, Irish, Italian and Portuguese origin, live in Mali, where they are known as the (1% of the nation's population).
Although Mali has enjoyed reasonably good inter-ethnic relationships based on a long history of coexistence, some hereditary servitude and bondage relationship exist, as well as ethnic tension between settled Songhai and nomadic Tuaregs of the north. Due to a backlash against the northern population after independence, Mali is now in a situation where both groups complain about discrimination on the part of the other group. This conflict also plays a role in the continuing where there is a tension between both Tuaregs and the Malian government, and the Tuaregs and radical who are trying to establish .
Languages
[]In January 2022, due to deteriorating relations between Mali and the French government, the Mali government announced making Bambara the official language. In July 2023, was dropped as an official language, becoming instead a . At the same time, the 13 national languages, namely , , , , , , , , , , the , and , became official languages. The in Mali is mainly , which about 80 percent of the population can communicate in. Over 40 other are spoken by the various ethnic groups of Mali.
According to the 2009 census, the languages spoken natively in Mali were by 51.5%, (8.3%), (6.6%) (5.7%), (5.3%), (5.2%), (3.8%), (3.2%), (2%), (1.9%), (1.6%), (1.1%), (1%), (0.4%), (0.4%), () (0.3%), other (0.5%), other African languages (0.2%), and other non-African languages (0.2%); 0.7% did not declare their first language.
Religion
[]Islam was introduced to West Africa in the 11th century and remains the predominant religion in much of the region. An estimated 90% of Malians are (mostly ), approximately 5% are Christian (about two-thirds and one-third ) and the remaining 5% adhere to such as the . and are believed to be rare among Malians, most of whom practice their religion daily.
The constitution establishes a and provides for , and the government largely respects this right.
Islam as historically practiced in Mali has been malleable and adapted to local conditions; relations between Muslims and practitioners of minority religious faiths have generally been amicable. After the 2012 imposition of rule in northern parts of the country, however, Mali came to be listed high (number 7) in the Christian persecution index published by , which described the persecution in the north as severe.
Education
[]Public education in Mali is in principle provided free of charge and is compulsory for nine years between the ages of seven and sixteen. The system encompasses six years of primary education beginning at age 7, followed by six years of secondary education. Mali's actual primary school enrolment rate is low, in large part because families are unable to cover the cost of uniforms, books, supplies, and other fees required to attend.
In 2017, the primary school enrolment rate was 61% (65% of males and 58% of females). In the late 1990s, the secondary school enrolment rate was 15% (20% of males and 10% of females). The education system is plagued by a lack of schools in rural areas, as well as shortages of teachers and materials.
Estimates of literacy rates in Mali range from 27–30 to 46.4%, with literacy rates significantly lower among women than men. The , which includes four constituent universities, is the largest university in the country and enrols approximately 60,000 undergraduate and graduate students.
Health
[]Mali faces numerous health challenges related to poverty, , and inadequate and . Mali's health and development indicators rank among the worst in the world. Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 63.2 years in 2024. In 2000, 62–65% of the population was estimated to have access to safe drinking water and only 69% to sanitation services of some kind. In 2001, the general government expenditures on health totaled about US$4 per capita at an average exchange rate.
Efforts have been made to improve nutrition, and reduce associated health problems, by encouraging women to make nutritious versions of local recipes. For example, the (ICRISAT) and the , trained women's groups to make equinut, a healthy and nutritional version of the traditional recipe di-dèguè (comprising peanut paste, honey and millet or rice flour). The aim was to boost nutrition and livelihoods by producing a product that women could make and sell, and which would be accepted by the local community because of its local heritage.
Medical facilities in Mali are very limited, and medicines are in short supply. and other -borne diseases are prevalent in Mali, as are a number of such as and . Mali's population also suffers from a high rate of child malnutrition and a low rate of . An estimated 1.9% of the adult and children population was afflicted with HIV/AIDS that year,[] among the lowest rates in . An estimated 85%–91% of Mali's girls and women have had (2006 and 2001 data).
In 2024, approximately 7.1 million people in Mali, including over 3.8 million children, require urgent humanitarian assistance due to escalating conflict and climate crises. is amplifying its efforts to provide essential services like health, education, and protection, while appealing for $133.5 million to address these needs. The situation is dire, with over 522,000 children lacking access to education and millions at risk of malnutrition amid underfunded humanitarian responses. Urgent action is needed to mitigate the impacts of violence, insecurity and climate change on vulnerable populations in Mali.
Gender equality
[]In 2017, Mali ranked 157th out of 160 countries in the gender inequality index as reported by the . The Malian Constitution states that it protects women's rights, however many laws exist that discriminate against women. Provisions in the laws limit women's decision-making power after marriage, in which the husband becomes superior to his wife. Women are blamed for not maintaining the appearance of their husbands and are also blamed for the actions of their children if they misbehave, which encourages the cultural attitude that women are inferior to men. The lack of participation of women in politics is due to the idea that politics is associated with men and that women should avoid this sector. Education is also an area in which boys dominate, since it is a better investment for the parents. As traditional values and practices have contributed to gender inequality in Mali, conflict and lawlessness have also influenced the growing gap in gender through gender-based violence. The unstable government of Mali has led to organizations like USAID attempting to improve the lives of the people, mainly women and girls' rights in order to re-engage the development of the country.
Gender relations
[]Religion, the patriarchal norms, and are major negative factors shaping the life of women in Mali. Patriarchal norms cause major gender inequalities and lead to male domination within the household. Girls learn household activities like chores, cooking, childcare, etc. at a young age and are expected to take the main responsibility of household chores throughout their life. This hampers women's ability to enter the formal workforce and leads to a lack of education of girls. Gender-based violence in Mali happens both on a national and a family level. At the national level, in 2012 the conflict in the Northern part of the country increased cases of kidnappings and rapes. The conflict also reduced women's access to resources, economy, and opportunities. At the household level, Malian women face gender-based violence through domestic violence, forced marriages, and marital rape. The Demographic Health Survey for Mali in 2013 stated that 76% of women and 54% of men believed physical harm towards women was acceptable if the women burnt food, argued back, went out without notifying her husband, or refused sexual relations with her husband. In 2024, Mali officials approved a bill criminalising between same-sex couples.
Area of opportunity
[]The lack of education has increased gender inequality in Mali because not many women are working outside the household are even participating in the Public Administration sector. After adjusting the entrance requirements and access to education, girls still have lower enrollment rates and less access to formal education. Drop-out rates for girls are 15% higher than that of boys because they have a higher responsibility at home and most parents refuse to allow all their children to go to school, so boys tend to become educated. Similarly, technical and vocational education has a lower numbers of girls participating and are inadequately distributed in the country because the training centers are focused in the urban cities. Finally, higher education for girls consist of short programs because early marriages prevent most girls from pursuing a longer term education program like those in science. Although women do not have the same access of education, in recent decades women have been entering and representing in decision-making positions in the Public Administration sector. Out of 147 members of Parliament, 15 were women in 2010. Recent decades show that women are slowly joining important decision-making positions which is changing the attitude and status of women in Mali, which has led to the promotion of women's rights in the political sphere.
Efforts
[]Legislation at the international and national levels have been implemented over the decades to help promote women's rights in Mali. At the international, Mali signed the which suggest that women should participate in decision-making and the convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women which is the foundation to women's rights promotion. At the national level, Mali's Constitution has the Decree No. 092-073P-CTSP that claims equality to all Malian citizens and discrimination is prohibited, which has not been followed. The Poverty Reduction Strategy Programme (PRSP) and the Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy Programme under the Malian Government seek to improve the well-being of the citizens, and changes to governance and gender in the country. The Ministry for Advancement of Women, Children and the Family was created specifically for women and children so that their basics rights and needs get met under the law. Although there exists legislation and policy for gender equality the institutionalization of the National Gender Policy of Mali is necessary to support the importance of women's rights. Strengthening and the support of girls' and women's access to education and training is recommended to improve gender equality in Mali. The involvement of international organizations like USAID assist Mali financially to enhance their development through the efforts of the improvement of women's rights.
Culture
[]The varied everyday culture of Malians reflects the country's ethnic and geographic diversity. Most Malians wear flowing, colorful robes called that are typical of West Africa. Malians frequently participate in traditional festivals, dances, and ceremonies.
Music
[]are derived from the , who are known as "Keepers of Memories". Malian music is diverse and has several different genres. Some famous Malian influences in music are virtuoso musician , the with the virtuoso of the electric , the late roots and blues guitarist , the band , , and several artists such as , the duo , , , , and . Dance also plays a large role in Malian culture. Dance parties are common events among friends, and traditional mask dances are performed at ceremonial events.
Literature
[]Though Mali's literature is less famous than its music, Mali has always been one of Africa's liveliest intellectual centers. Mali's literary tradition is passed mainly by word of mouth, with jalis reciting or singing histories and stories known by heart. , Mali's best-known historian, spent much of his life writing these oral traditions down for the world to remember.
The best-known novel by a Malian writer is 's Le devoir de violence, which won the 1968 but whose legacy was marred by accusations of plagiarism. Other well-known Malian writers include Baba Traoré, Modibo Sounkalo Keita, , , and .
Sport
[]The is , which became more prominent after Mali hosted the . Most towns and cities have regular games; the most popular teams nationally are , , and , all based in the capital. Informal games are often played by youths using a bundle of rags as a ball.
Basketball is another major sport; the , led by , competed at the 2008 . (la lutte) is also somewhat common, though popularity has declined in recent years. The game , a variant, is a common pastime.
Mali featured a men's national team in that competed at the .
Cuisine
[]Rice and are the staples of , which is heavily based on cereal grains. Grains are generally prepared with sauces made from edible leaves, such as or , with tomato peanut sauce, and may be accompanied by pieces of grilled meat (typically chicken, , beef, or goat). Malian cuisine varies regionally. Other popular dishes include , , and .
Media
[]In Mali, there are several newspapers such as , , , , and
. is the state-owned service. include 869,600 mobile phones, 45,000 televisions and 414,985 Internet users.Bibliography
[]- A student-translated 12 September 2012 at the is also available.
- This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the .
- , Government of Mali (in French)
Geographic data related to at
- profile from
- from .
- , Democracy Now!
- from the
- 18 September 2016 at the from the
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