Organizations: Islamic State (Wiki)

An Islamic state has a based on . As a term, it has been used to describe various historical and theories of in the . As a translation of the Arabic term dawlah islāmiyyah (: دولة إسلامية) it refers to a modern notion associated with (). Notable examples of historical Islamic states include the , established by the Islamic prophet , and the which continued under his successors, such as the and .

The concept of the modern Islamic state has been articulated and promoted by ideologues such as , , , , , and . Implementation of Islamic law plays an important role in modern theories of the Islamic state, as it did in classical Islamic political theories. However, most of the modern theories also make use of notions that did not exist before the modern era.

Today, many have , wholly or in part, into their . Certain Muslim states have declared Islam to be their in their , but do not apply Islamic law in their courts. Islamic states that are not are mostly .

gives six stages of history for the Islamic state:

1. City-state (622–632)
2. Imperial (632–750)
3. Universal (c. 750–900)
4. Decentralization (c. 900–1500)
5. Fragmentation (c. 1500–1918)
6. Nation states (1918–present)

The was the political entity established by Muhammad in Medina in 622 CE under the . It represented the political unity of the Muslim (nation). It was subsequently transformed into the by Muhammad's disciples, who were known as the Rightly Guided () Caliphs (632–661 CE). The Islamic State significantly expanded under the (661–750) and consequently the (750–1258).

The essence or guiding principles of an Islamic government or Islamic state is the concept of al-. Several scholars have different understandings or thoughts, with regard to the concept al-Shura. However, most Muslim scholars are of the opinion that Islamic al-Shura should consist of the following:

• Meeting or consultation that follows the teachings of Islam.
• Consultation following the guidelines of the and the .
• There is a leader elected among them to head the meeting.
• The discussion should be based on mushawarah and mudhakarah.
• All members are given fair opportunity to voice out their opinions.
• The issue should be of maslahah ammah or public interest.
• The voices of the majority are accepted, provided it does not violate the teachings of the Quran or Sunnah.

Muhammad himself respected the decision of the shura members. He is the champion of the notion of al-Shura, and this was illustrated in one of the many historical events, such as in the Battle of Khandaq (), where Muhammad was faced with two decisions, i.e. to fight the invading non-Muslim Arab armies outside of Medina or wait until they enter the city. After consultation with the (companions), it was suggested by that it would be better if the Muslims fought the non-Muslim Arabs within Medina by building a big ditch on the northern periphery of Medina to prevent the enemies from entering Medina. This idea was later supported by the majority of the sahabah, and thereafter Muhammad also approved it.

Muhammad placed great emphasis on agreement about the decision of the shura because the majority opinion (by the sahabah) is better than a decision made by one individual.

The Ottoman , (1512–1520) reclaimed the title of caliph which had been in dispute and asserted by a diversity of rulers and shadow caliphs in the centuries of the Abbasid- Caliphate since the and the killing of the in Baghdad, Iraq 1258.

The as an office of the was abolished under in 1924 as part of . This move was most vigorously protested in India, as and united behind the symbolism of the Ottoman Caliph in the which sought to reinstate the caliph deposed by Atatürk. The movement leveraged the Ottoman resistance against political pressure from to abolish the caliphate, connecting it with and the . However, the Khilafat found little support from the Muslims of the Middle East themselves who preferred to be independent nation states rather than being under the Ottoman Turkish rule. In the Indian sub-continent, although Gandhi tried to co-opt the Khilafat as a national movement, it soon degenerated into a jihad against non-Muslims, also known as Moplah riots, with thousands being killed in the region of Kerala.

The Arabic word dawla comes from the root d-w-l, meaning "to turn, come around in a cyclical fashion". In the , it is used to refer to the nature of human fortunes, alternating between victory and defeat (3:140). This use led Arab writers to apply the word to succession of dynasties, particularly to the overthrow of the of Damascus by the . The first Abbasid caliphs themselves spoke of "our dawla" in the sense of "our turn/time of success". As Abbasids maintained their power, the dynastic sense of dawla became conflated with their dynastic rule, and in later times was used across the Islamic world as a honorific title for rulers and high officials.

Like their Christian contemporaries, pre-modern Muslims did not generally conceive of the state as an abstract entity distinct from the individual or group who held political power. The word dawla and its derivatives began to acquire modern connotations in the and Iran in the 16th and 17th centuries in the course of diplomatic and commercial exchanges with Europe. During the 19th century, the Arabic dawla and Turkish devlet took on all the aspects of the modern notion of state while the Persian davlat can mean either state or government.

According to Pakistani scholar of Islamic history Qamaruddin Khan, the term Islamic state "was never used in the theory or practice of Muslim political science, before the twentieth century". Sohail H. Hashmi characterizes dawla Islamiyya as a neologism found in contemporary Islamist writings. Islamic theories of the modern notion of state first emerged as a reaction to the abolition of the Ottoman caliphate in 1924. It was also in this context that the famous dictum that Islam is both a religion and a state (al-Islam din wa dawla) was first popularized.

The modern conception of Islamic state was first articulated by the Syrian-Egyptian Islamic theologian Muḥammad Rashīd Riḍā (1865–1935). Rashid Rida condemned the which reduced the into a purely spiritual authority; soon after the . In his book (The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate) published in 1922, Rida asserted that the Caliphate should have the combined powers of both spiritual and temporal authority. He called for the establishment of an Islamic state led by , functioning as a khilāfat ḍurūrah (caliphate of necessity) that upholds , and defend its Muslim and non-Muslim subjects.

Another important modern conceptualization of the Islamic state is attributed to (1903–1979), a Pakistani Muslim theologian who founded the political party and inspired other Islamic revolutionaries such as . Abul A'la Maududi's early political career was influenced greatly by anti-colonial agitation in India, especially after the tumultuous abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924 stoked anti-British sentiment.

The Islamic state was perceived as a third way between the rival political systems of democracy and socialism (see also ). Maududi's seminal writings on argued as early as 1941 against and in the economy, similar to 's later written in 1961. Maududi envisioned the ideal Islamic state as combining the democratic principles of electoral politics with the socialist principles of concern for the poor.

Today, many Muslim countries have incorporated Islamic law in part into their legal systems. Certain Muslim states have declared Islam to be their state religion in their constitutions, but do not apply Islamic law in their courts. Islamic states which are not Islamic monarchies are usually referred to as Islamic republics, such as the islamic republics of Iran, and . Pakistan adopted the title under the ; adopted it on 28 November 1958; and Iran adopted it after the that overthrew the . In Iran, the form of government is known as the . Afghanistan was run as an Islamic state () in the post-communist era since 1992, but then by the () in areas controlled by them since 1996 and after the 2001 overthrow of the Taliban the country was still known as the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan until 15 August 2021, when the .

is a form of Internationalism and anti-nationalism within which advocates the unification of the Muslim world under a single Islamic state, often described as a caliphate or ummah. The most famous, powerful and aggressive modern pan-Islamic group that pursues the objective of unifying the Muslim world and establishing a worldwide caliphate is the Wahhabi/Salafi jihadist movement .

The as of 3 August 2011 declared Islam to be the official religion of Libya.

is an absolute . With the constitution in 1959, Islam became the official religion of the country.

Leading up to the , many of the highest-ranking clergy in Shia Islam held to the standard doctrine of the , which allows political rule only by Muhammad or one of his true successors. They were opposed to creating an Islamic state (see Ayatollah (Khomeini's own teacher), Ayatollah , , and Grand Ayatollah ). Contemporary theologians who were once part of the Iranian Revolution also became disenchanted and critical of the unity of religion and state in the Islamic Republic of Iran, are advocating of the state to preserve the purity of the Islamic faith (see and ).

Per Supreme leader, Islamic state is the 3rd phase of Iranian Islamic Republic program and is in and of itself part of .

is an . The contains many characteristics of what might be called a constitution in other countries. However, the and the is declared to be the official constitution of the country which is governed on the basis of . The is responsible to determine the new King and the new Crown Prince. All citizens of full age have a right to attend, meet, and petition the king directly through the traditional tribal meeting known as the .

The declares that is the , and that (Islamic law) is the source of all legislation.

The is a country in the region of western . Mauritania was declared an independent state as the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, on November 28, 1960. The Constitutional Charter of 1985 declares Islam as the state religion and the law of the land.

was created as a separate state for Indian Muslims in in 1947, and followed the parliamentary form of democracy. In 1949, the first passed the which envisaged an official role for Islam as the state religion to make sure any future law should not violate its basic teachings. On the whole, the state retained most of the laws that were inherited from the British legal code that had been enforced by the British Raj since the 19th century. In 1956, the elected parliament formally adopted the name Islamic Republic of Pakistan, declaring Islam as the official religion.

After the fall of (Soviet occupation), Afghanistan has gone through several attempts to set up an Islamic state:

• (1992–2002)
• (2002–2004)
• (2004–2021)
• (2021–present)

was previously ruled by its from 1963 until 2024 when it . Following the fall of the Assad dynasty, the Islamist (HTS) declared Syria an Islamic state from 2025 which it will govern for five years under its .

• – Jewish state governed by rabbinical law (halakha)
• – a former short-lived unrecognised state declared unilaterally in 2012 by the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
• – (Negara Islam Indonesia or Darul Islam), Islamist group in Indonesia that aims for the establishment of an Islamic state of Indonesia (an unrecognised state)

• Ankerl, Guy (2000). . Geneva: INUPress. pp. 5001.  2-88155-004-5.