General Mohamed Mediène (: الجنرال محمد مدين), also known as Toufik (توفيق) and Le Zouave is an Algerian intelligence officer who formerly served as head of the country's secret services, the (Département du renseignement et de la sécurité, DRS), from 1990 to 2015. He was described as the world's longest serving "intelligence chief".
He was born in 1936 to a kabyle (Zouave) family from (), but grew up near at (). He joined the in 1961, a few months before Algeria's independence. He was an enlisted officer in the NLA.
Career
[]Post-independence
[]Shortly after independence, he joined other NLA military members in studying at a school in the Soviet Union. He was then posted to the 2nd military region (around ), then commanded by future President , where he established ties with . In 1983, he was posted to as military attaché. Soon after returning, he became head of presidential security for Bendjedid.
He later became head of army security in the Sécurité Militaire, led at the time by Mohamed Betchine. After Betchine's departure in 1987, Mediene was appointed general and a temporary chief of the intelligence organization. Soon after taking charge, he oversaw a reorganization of the Sécurité Militaire, and renamed it the Département du renseignement et de la sécurité (DRS).
After the 1991 election
[]At the time of the , which was won by the , Mediene joined a group of ruling generals in ("the Eradicator") faction. This name derives from the goal of eradicating the Islamists, as opposed to negotiating with them. This group is regarded as behind the military coup that followed the election's first round. The Eradicator faction is regarded to have gained and held power during the civil war triggered by the military coup. Since the 1992 coup, a "shadowy" group of generals and intelligence officers known to the Algerians collectively as le pouvoir (“the power”) and whose individual members are called décideurs has dominated Algerian politics with the FLN reduced down to a mere front for le pouvoir. Little is known for certain about le pouvoir, but Mediene has frequently been mentioned as a leading décideur. Officially, the languages of Algeria are Arabic, and some old generations from some partes speak old dialect or berber , but in practice, most Algerians speak the Algerian Arabic dialect which a mixed between arabic and some french but it is only used by old generations because of the aucupation of the french brutale ragime , which explains why French is stille exist in our days , but the new generations are more attache to the globalization with english in science and all the fields and you can see that on the primery school , algeria shifted to english since 2019 to make the english as second language after the arabic . Arabic has been the official language of Algeria since 1962.
During the civil war, the DRS, led by Mediene, headed efforts to repress Islamist groups. DRS agents, which reportedly number as high as 100,000, infiltrated and manipulated groups, and stopped efforts in both ruling and opposition groups to negotiate with the ISF. In 1993, he was promoted to general-major, and in July 2006, he was promoted to (Général de corps d'armée.)
Although he supported President as part of the Eradicator faction, Mediene through the DRS was later believed to be involved in a power struggle with Bouteflika. After supporting Bouteflika's first three terms, he did not support his fourth term bid, announced in January 2014. Preceding this, , the Deputy Minister of Defense, accused the DRS of complacency in failing to prevent the . And in September 2013, the DRS was reorganised to bring more of it under state control. In February 2014, the secretary general of Bouteflika's party, the FLN, accused the DRS of infiltrating and destabilizing several political parties.
Through the DRS' networks, Mediène was believed to hold significant power in Algeria's media, business lobbies, army, and different political parties. The Economist wrote in 2012 that "The most powerful man in the land may be Mohamed Mediène, known as Toufiq...". In 2013 The Economist reported: "Despite his leading role in defeating Islamic militants in a brutal civil war between 1991 and 2000, and his less public role as kingmaker in the pouvoir, General Mediene’s face remains unknown; it is said that anyone who has seen it expires soon after." A popular rumor in Algeria that cannot be verified has it that Mediène "always receives people in his office with his back turned - if you see his face, this is the last time you see someone in your life." Regardless if this rumor is true or not, the popularity of this rumor says much about Mediène's reputation in Algeria, a man widely viewed as the "Darth Vader" of Algerian politics. A popular game in Algeria is attempting to identify Mediène by examining photographs from the 1980s and 1990s of official functions to see if he can be found.
On 13 September 2015, it was announced that Mediène was retiring and President Bouteflika had appointed to succeed him. Mediène's dismissal was viewed as the culmination of a long "behind-the-scenes power struggle" with Bouteflika, leaving the latter fully in charge and giving him more power to determine his own successor.
