After years of violence and lawlessness during which the Malian town of Menaka changed hands between rebels and Islamists, a fragile calm has finally returned due to joint patrols by federal troops, militiamen and UN peacekeepers. Situated in the desert northeast of the vast Sahel state, close to the border with Niger, Menaka is at the heart of a jihadist-infested region and has known little but conflict for years.
Ethnic Tuareg separatists rose up in northern Mali in 2012, seizing control of the town, before jihadists overran their rebellion and imposed sharia law. French forces then drove the Islamists out after intervening in the country in 2013, later handing Menaka over to a group of former rebels and armed groups who signed a peace deal with the Malian government in 2015.
But these militias squabbled for control of the town of some 20,000 people, and it remained a stronghold for jihadists linked to al-Qaeda and the Islamic State. Shootings and burglaries were rife. A diplomat in Mali’s capital Bamako who declined to be named said that fighting between armed groups in Menaka until recently had “an atmosphere resembling the settling of scores at the OK Corral,” referring to the setting of an infamous American Wild West shootout.
However in September Malian forces and UN troops — of which there are some 13,000 in the country — deployed to the town, to work with the local militias.
French troops in Mali are also supporting the mission, which is dubbed “Menaka without guns”. The uniting of foreign and local soldiers alongside militiamen is unprecedented in Mali’s eight-year conflict — and it appears to be working in Menaka.
‘Now we can sleep’
Menaka resident Alhousseni Aghaly said that the mission had restored “relative peace” to the town. “Before, people didn’t sleep, didn’t know where they stood,” he said. “Now we can sleep, even if the fear persists”. The mission was launched shortly after the August 18 military coup that toppled president Ibrahim Boubacar Keita. Frustrations over Mali’s long conflict in part contributed to protests against Keita, which culminated in his ouster.
But the turmoil of the transition appears not to have affected the Menaka mission. Malian and UN troops now patrol the town while Tuareg militiamen and other armed groups that signed the 2015 peace accord man about 10 checkpoints. “We put a belt around Menaka so that everything that comes in or goes out can be controlled,” said Moussa Ag Acharatoumane, the leader of a Tuareg militia known as the MSA.
‘Converging interests’
Despite its optimistic name, “Menaka without guns” has far from cleared the town of weapons. Dozens of MSA fighters and other militiamen perch on rooftops or sit in pick-up trucks brandishing machine guns and rocket launchers. And the new security cordon is not impenetrable — motorbikes easily bypass the checkpoints. Additional barriers the UN pledged to build between the checkpoints to stop this from happening have not yet materialised.
Menaka Mayor Nanoute Koteya said the most important thing is that former rebels of all stripes are starting to work with Malian troops. “What was missing is starting to happen,” he said. Another local leader, who declined to be named, was more cautious. “We’ll have to see what happens in the long term,” he said. The diplomat in Bamako said the rapprochement between the government and the armed groups is happening because of a “convergence of interests”.
By putting boots on the ground, Mali’s army hopes to gain legitimacy in the restive north, swathes of which remain outside of government control. The militias meanwhile are not acting just out of “the goodness of their hearts,” said Adam Sandor from the Canadian research group Centre FrancoPaix. “By cooperating with Malian transitional authorities… they hope to increase their communities’ financial and symbolic clout in order to sideline rival communities and the armed groups that support them,” he said. Thousands of soldiers have been killed and hundreds of thousands of civilians have had to flee their homes in Mali’s conflict, which has also often inflamed ethnic tensions.
By AFP correspondent in Menaka and Amaury Hauchard in Bamako
Profile
Ménaka
Ménaka (Berber: ⵎⵏⴾⴰ) is a town and urban commune in Ménaka Cercle and Ménaka Region in eastern Mali. It is the seat and the largest town in the cercle and region. The town is set amidst the rocky outcrops of the Ader Douchi hills, and is served by Ménaka Airport.
Tuareg rebellions
The Ménaka area was a center of Ag El Insar Firhoun's Malian rising of larger 1916 Tuareg Rebellion, and was a government garrison town in the 1961–1964, 1990–1995, and the 2007–2009 Tuareg Rebellions. Most recently, Ménaka was put under siege and the military post sacked by former rebels who had been integrated into the Malian Army in a short term rising in May–July 2006. The current May 23, 2006 Democratic Alliance for Change rebel group dates from this siege.[2]
On 17 January 2012, Ménaka was captured by the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA), a Tuareg rebel group.[3] On 19 November they lost their control to the Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa and Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb.
2009 kidnappings
On 25 November 2009, a French citizen named Pierre Camatte was taken hostage from a hotel in Ménaka city. A January 2010 statement issued by the AQIM, the north African branch of al-Qaeda, set an ultimatum of 20 days for the exchange of four al-Qaeda members for Pierre Camatte, after which, it said the French and Malian governments "will be fully responsible for the French hostage's life".[4] Camatte was freed 6 weeks later following a prisoner swap deal in which the four Islamists were released.[5]
Slavery
Malian and international Human Rights organisations pointed to Ménaka in 2008, as one of several towns in the Gao Region in which informal slavery relations persist between noble caste Tuareg pastoralists and thousands of sedentary low caste Bellah Tuareg.[6]
Climate
| Climate data for Menaka (1961–1990) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.0 (87.8) |
34.1 (93.4) |
37.7 (99.9) |
41.1 (106.0) |
42.4 (108.3) |
41.0 (105.8) |
38.0 (100.4) |
36.2 (97.2) |
38.2 (100.8) |
39.0 (102.2) |
35.6 (96.1) |
31.8 (89.2) |
37.2 (99.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 15.2 (59.4) |
17.5 (63.5) |
21.1 (70.0) |
25.1 (77.2) |
28.2 (82.8) |
28.3 (82.9) |
26.3 (79.3) |
25.0 (77.0) |
25.4 (77.7) |
24.1 (75.4) |
19.7 (67.5) |
16.0 (60.8) |
22.6 (72.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.00) |
1.7 (0.07) |
6.8 (0.27) |
23.5 (0.93) |
68.2 (2.69) |
83.9 (3.30) |
28.8 (1.13) |
4.9 (0.19) |
0.1 (0.00) |
0.1 (0.00) |
218.1 (8.59) |
| Average rainy days | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 4.1 | 7.2 | 8.8 | 5.2 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 28.4 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 263.7 | 237.8 | 212.3 | 227.9 | 242.1 | 176.8 | 231.5 | 222.1 | 234.0 | 272.9 | 280.1 | 262.5 | 2,863.7 |
| Source: NOAA[7] | |||||||||||||
References
- ^ Resultats Provisoires RGPH 2009 (Région de Gao) (PDF) (in French), République de Mali: Institut National de la Statistique.
- ^ MALI: Armed men seize three military bases in remote north. 23 May 2006 (IRIN).
- ^ "Strife in the Sahel: A perfect desert storm". The Economist. 17 March 2012.
- ^ Frenchman Pierre Camatte kidnapped in Mali. 11 January 2010. BBC News.
- ^ "Freed French hostage speaks of al-Qaeda ordeal in Mali". BBC. 25 February 2010.
- ^ Mali: Thousands Still Live in Slavery in North. IRIN (United Nations). 14 July 2008.
- ^ "Station Name: MENAKA" (TXT). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
External links
- Plan de Sécurite Alimentaire Commune de Ménaka 2005-2009 (PDF) (in French), Commissariat à la Sécurité Alimentaire, République du Mali, USAID-Mali, 2005, archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-11-22.
