Tunisia: Controversial incumbent Kais Said favored to win second term

Following the 2011 , elections in Tunisia for the president and the are scheduled to be held every five years. The assembly can be dissolved before finishing a full term.

Prior to the revolution, elections were held every five to six years, and elected both the and members of both legislative branches. Following the revolution, were held for a to decide on a new .

From 1956 to 2011, the government and the —originally known as the (1934–1964) and the (1964–1988)—were effectively one. Although Tunisia was only formally a one-party state from 1963 to 1981, the opposition was usually barely tolerated. With the revolution, several parties have emerged. While there are two numerically major parties— and the —no one party has a realistic chance of governing alone.

The president of Tunisia is directly elected by for a 5-year term. The president is elected by majority, with a with the top-two finishers if no candidate gets more than 50% of the vote in the first round. The first direct presidential election after the revolution was held in . A person can not serve more than two terms as president, whether consecutive or not.

Prior to the revolution, the president was elected for five years. He appointed a prime minister and cabinet, who play a strong role in the execution of policy. Regional governors and local administrators are appointed by the central government. Mayors and municipal councils, which fill a local consultative role, are elected. This system was established by a provision of the country's Code of Personal Status, introduced by the former president in 1956. Until 1999, prospective candidates were required to get the endorsements of at least 30 political figures.

From 1956 to 1975, the president could run for reelection any number of times. In 1975—a year after winning his fourth term—Bourguiba was declared president for life. With Bourguiba's ouster in 1987, his successor, , pushed through amendments limiting a president to three five-year terms, with no more than two in a row. The maximum age for presidential candidates was set at 70. However, in 2002, a abolished term limits for the presidency, and raised the maximum age to 75.^[]

Tunisia's legislative branch consists of the , which consists of 217 seats. The first elections for the Assembly of the Representative of the People occurred on 26 October 2014.^[]

The assembly is directly elected by the people using , with the individual seats distributed between lists in a constituency using . The lists are , a voter can only choose between lists, and not individual candidates. The lists are required to alternate between men and women. The assembly is elected for a 5-year term, but can be earlier by the president following a failure to form a government, or a failed .

are based on the . Each governorate is allocated one seat for every 60000 inhabitants, with one more seat if the remaining number of inhabitants exceed 30000. Additionally, governorates with less than 270000 inhabitants are granted two extra seats, while governorates with between 270000 and 500000 inhabitants granted one extra seat. A constituency can have a maximum of 10 seats, if a governorate is entitled to more than 10 seats, it will be divided into two or more constituencies. Additionally, there are a number of constituencies representing Tunisians abroad.

For the 2011 and 2014 elections there were a total of 33 constituencies. There were 27 multi-member constituencies in varying in size from four to ten seats and electing a total of 199. There are also six overseas constituencies electing a total of 18 seats: two constituencies in electing five seats each, one three-seat constituency in , a single-member constituency in , a two-member constituency covering the rest of Europe and the Americas, and a two-member constituency covering the Arab world and the rest of the world.

The (Majlis al-Nuwaab) was Tunisia's lower Chamber. It had 189 seats and members were elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms. 20% of the seats were reserved for the opposition. The Chamber played a role in debate on national policy but never originated legislation. Elections were held in the last 30 days of each five-year term. To be eligible for office, one had to be a voter with a Tunisian mother or father and be at least 23 years.

Tunisia's upper chamber, the , was created in July 2002 by Parliament. Its membership was restricted to two-thirds of the number of members in the Chamber of Deputies. Members were elected or appointed. One or two members (determined by size of population) were elected from each governance. These members were selected by local authorities. A third of the members were elected by a group of employers, farmers and workers. These seats were divided equally among the three groups. The remaining seats (41) were filled by qualified presidential appointees. All members sat for six-year terms and half of the membership was renewed every three years. To be eligible for office, a candidate had to be a voter with a Tunisian mother or father and at least 40 years old.

Post-revolution:

The electoral and transition process did not progress without concessions and compromise. The full breadth of post-revolutionary political costs are discussed in

• , Middle East Quarterly, a Tunisian politician explains obstacle to democracy in her homeland.