Mauritania is warning that Africa’s security landscape is shifting from ideological insurgencies to profit-driven “religious-front criminal enterprises,” describing how jihadist networks have merged with organized crime.

Residents of Chami have protested severe water shortages that have left entire neighborhoods without supply for days, underscoring growing stress on Mauritania’s fragile urban infrastructure.

Mauritania is facing outbreaks of diphtheria and Rift Valley fever that have killed 36 people in recent weeks. Hundreds of cases have been recorded across several regions, exposing gaps in health capacity and the impact of seasonal rains that heighten disease spread in the Sahel.

Billionaire Maminiaina “Mamy” Ravatomanga, unofficial adviser and media owner, is Madagascar’s second richest man and a central figure caught between the presidency and mounting youth-led protests.