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Algeria’s foreign policy operates on two distinct tracks: strained relations with France shaped by unresolved colonial grievances and demands for formal apologies, versus pragmatic stability with the United States built on security cooperation and mutual interests. While bilateral tensions with France affect diplomatic trust despite ongoing cooperation in trade and security, the US relationship remains transactional and avoided historical complications even during the Trump administration. Algeria pursues diplomatic diversification across multiple powers to maintain strategic autonomy rather than replacing one partner with another.

Algeria’s National People’s Assembly unanimously approved legislation designating French colonization as a crime and establishing legal grounds for reparations. The law lists imprescriptible crimes including nuclear testing, extrajudicial executions, torture, and resource exploitation. While symbolically significant, experts note the law has no international legal standing to compel France, though it marks a definitive shift in the bilateral memory relationship.

Egypt’s long-term gas import agreement with Israel secures critical supply at a time of domestic energy strain and regional instability, reinforcing Cairo’s role as an Eastern Mediterranean gas hub while exposing both sides to strategic and political trade-offs.

Algeria has already crossed into “absolute” water scarcity, with each resident effectively living on a fraction of the internationally accepted minimum. As officials lean ever harder on fossil aquifers and desalination plants, experts warn that the country is trading tomorrow’s security for today’s short‑term fixes.